Do you know about - Products And - Or Services - Defining "Service-Oriented" Products and the connected Role of Technology
Conference Call Services! Again, for I know. Ready to share new things that are useful. You and your friends.The economy can be analyzed using both market-driven and production-driven approaches to manufactures classification. The North American manufactures Classification law (Naics) uses a market-driven approach; the older standard market Classification (Sic) uses a production-driven approach.
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Under a market-driven approach, the economy comprises goods-producing and service-providing industries. Goods-producing industries include: natural resources and mining, construction, and manufacturing; service-providing industries include: wholesale and retail trade, communication (and warehousing), utilities, information, financial activities, expert and enterprise services, education and health services, leisure and hospitality, and communal administration.
Under a production-driven approach, the economy comprises product-driven and service-driven industries. Product-driven industries consist of enterprises that conduct inventories available for sale as customary activities (regardless of either they transform them or not). Under this approach, the retail, wholesale, and food service industries are product-driven. (The kitchens of food service providers are equivalent to factories.) Product-driven enterprises may have ample cost accounting and operations practices for catalogue management.
Industry classifications can be applied to an enterprise as a whole (the customary industry), and to the establishments within it, which may be in differing secondary industries. Establishments are facilities that consist of plants (factories and warehouses) and branches (retail and wholesale outlets).
For example, the hospitality manufactures is service-driven; under the production-driven approach, the bar and bistro establishments within a hotel are product-driven. The entertainment manufactures is service-driven; under the production-driven approach, the retail and bar establishments within a theater are product-driven. The health care manufactures is service-driven; under the production-driven approach, the retail pharmacy preparation within a hospital is product-driven. Under the market-driven approach, all of these establishments are service-providing.
For example, a manufacturing enterprise is goods-producing under a market-driven approach, and product-driven under a production-driven approach. If it also operates a retail delivery system, the market are service-providers under a market-driven approach, and are product-driven under a production-driven approach. If all sales earnings is sourced from its own products, the enterprise is in two customary industries. However, if forced to decide, its choice should be based upon core competencies - activities that it performs well. The enterprise can be divided into two detach enterprise units: manufacturing and merchandising. The merchandising unit is an internal buyer of the manufacturing unit. However, depending on strategy and policy, the manufacturing unit could sell products to wholesalers and other retailers, and the merchandising unit could buy products from other manufacturers and wholesalers. Under a market-driven approach, the manufacturing unit is goods-producing and the merchandising unit is service-providing, whereas under the production-driven approach, the merchandising unit is product-driven.
The make-up of the economy changes overtime as newer industries emerge and grow and older industries mature and decline. For example, the manufacturing manufactures is shifting from vertically integrated to strategically outsourced. Strategic outsourcers may originate specialized components and assemble ended products. However, by outsourcing the manufacturing of utility components to specialty scale manufacturers, strategic outsourcers can lower their yield costs.
Biotechnology and nanotechnology are emerging industries. The data industries are growing as technology becomes more ubiquitous, and as knowledge is packaged in digital products. Knowledge is data that has been learned and retained. In the future, knowledge will be retained extensively in electronic form.
Products and services...
The term "product" is connected with something that is tangible - the resulting catalogue from agricultural, mining and drilling, construction, and manufacturing activities. Outputs are either end-products, or components that are assembled into end-products in downstream processes within the enterprise or in its customers.
The term "service" is connected with something that is intangible - capabilities either delivered at the point or time of sale, or shortly thereafter, or as a supporting service. Supporting services can be purchased at the time of sale for downstream use, or later, and consist of such items as warranties beyond those bundled with the product, preventive maintenance, and habit cleaning and repairs.
Functions and features of products are easier to descry than those of services, which are event or activity driven, and may occur in the future.
The term "time of sale" means when a contractual or non-contractual bargain between a buyer and a seeder is made, and does not necessarily mean when earnings is recognized and earned. earnings is recognized and earned agreeing to the accounting law that fit the service offering, which may be over a duration of time.
A commodity is a product or service that is indistinguishable and interchangeable with an additional one of the same type because there is slight to no value added. Many commodities are natural, such as produce, minerals, oil, and gas. Services can be commoditized too. The distinguishing factors of a commodity victualer consist of convenience, capability of service, and price.
Product-driven enterprises also offer delivery and supporting services. Delivery services consist of arranging for transportation, dealer preparation, training, and gift wrapping. Supporting services consist of cleaning, repairs, and maintenance. To remain competing over time, enterprises have to add services with their product offerings that exceed buyer expectations. However, if customers require such services, then they must become part of the basic offerings. For example, bathroom facilities and color Tv are included in contemporary hotel rooms, even though the customary purpose is providing a place to sleep.
Although services are intangible, their effects are not. communication services move people, cleaning services take off dirt and stains, and fix services restore items to working order. Services require facilities, equipment, and supplies that are bundled in. When products are bundled in, the enterprise pays sales or use tax, if applicable; when products are sold with services, the buyer normally pays sales or use tax, if applicable.
Service-driven enterprises can yield tangible deliverables. For example, dry cleaners yield clean and pressed clothes; expert service firms, such as architects, accountants, attorneys, and consultants yield reports; and engineers yield originate drawings that can be transformed into facilities, equipment, or other tangible products.
The recording and movie industries employ technologies that can capture sound and pictures. starting in laboratories, these industries transform science into art. Hence, live entertainment performances (services) can be transformed into recorded products. As a consequence, an event or activity can be reproduced, duplicated, distributed, and repeated to the public-at-large indefinitely. Digital products are impacting customary manufacturing, distribution, and buyer buying behaviors, and placing intermediaries at risk.
Process control and data technologies have enabled seamless integration between designers and manufacturers. The "design-to-construction" process becomes ubiquitous as computer-aided originate and manufacturing technologies (Cad/Cam) enable a designer in one location to forward specifications to manufacturers in others. The designs are virtual, and supervene in instructions that control manufacturing tool in both local and remote locations. As a consequence, manufacturing can be outsourced strategically to any builder that can accept electronic designs everywhere at any time. Because the process is seamless, the precision is higher.
As more enterprises adopt the design-to-construction model, dramatic changes will occur in the structure of industries. For example, in the publishing industry, books can be printed on question from electronic files upon receipt of orders located over the internet, eliminating the need for bodily catalogue available for sale at printers, publishers, and bookstores. The electronic files narrate a virtual ended goods catalogue from which bodily products can be made when necessary. As a consequence, catalogue carrying costs are lower.
Both product-driven and service-driven industries render service from centers that receive inbound and place outbound service and telemarketing calls. Call center activities can be outsourced in a similar fashion to manufacturing.
The idea of strategic outsourcing can be applied to almost every function in an enterprise provided intellectual property is protected. However, although administration consultants may be used in the improvement of strategy, the ultimate accountability for planning, deployment, execution, and performance remains in-house with the governance function.
Products and/or services...
The term "products and/or services" describes collectively all types of products and services.
Service-driven industries are evolving into providers of both "product-oriented" and "service-oriented" services. In order to differentiate product-oriented services from the delivery and supporting services, the term "service-oriented" products provides more clarity. Service-oriented products must be definable, duplicable, and repeatable. They are intangible outputs of processes that are represented by tangible items, packaged in a definable form. Technology plays a major role in the delivery through hardware, software, and both voice and data telecommunications. "Hard" products are tangible and "soft" products are intangible.
For example, customary land phone line services were offerings with few differentiating features, primarily in the style of equipment. As the telephone law migrated from electro-mechanical to electronic, the offerings were transformed into service-oriented products with features such as call forwarding, caller identification, call waiting, and voice mail. Cell phone offerings are service-oriented products with more ample functions and features than land lines. Cell phone service-oriented products have cameras built-in, and have delivery and supporting services bundled in such as catalogue information, internet access, and application software for calculators, calendars, perceive information, notes, games, music, pictures and movies. Cell phone and computer technologies are converging.
In the financial and enterprise and expert services industries, service-oriented products are packaged with such items as accounts, agreements, brochures, contracts, databases, documents, equipment, facilities, policies, procedures, and statements.
In the leisure and hospitality industries, service-oriented products such as flights, hotel rooms, car rentals, and limousine services are packaged with facilities, equipment, and supplies. The types of facilities and tool define definite offerings. For example, an Airbus A380 renders a dissimilar perceive from a Douglas Dc3 even though the needful service is the same: providing air transportation. A hotel room with a view of the ocean renders a dissimilar perceive from one with no windows at all, even though the needful service is the same: providing accommodation. The capability of the accoutrements such as blankets, pillows, towels, newspapers, cable Tv, internet access, and fruit baskets can sway the ample experience. A Cadillac renders a dissimilar perceive from a Chevrolet, even through the needful service is the same: providing a rental car to drive, or a limousine.
Travel-related service-providers bundle air, hotel, car rental, and limousine services into packages to make the buying decisions easier for consumers. Event planners bundle travel-related services with conference and convention services for enterprises.
Consumables, durables, and facilities...
Manufactured products consist consumables and durables.
Consumables are products change or wear out as they are used and consist of food, clothing, personal care, health care, household supply, and office supply items. Media such as books, records, audio and video Cds, and Dvds are classed as consumables - the intellectual property is worth far more than the media.
Durables are long continuing tool items such as appliances, furniture, and vehicles.
Digital products may involve no media if they delivered electronically other than the server of the publisher and the electronic gismo of the user.
Facilities are the outputs of construction activities and are made of durable materials.
Contractual or non-contractual products and/or services...
Agreements are contractual or non-contractual based depending upon the type of offering, and the nature of the association between buyers and sellers.
Consumable products can be sold with the right to return for exchange or repayment within a certain duration of time. Durable products can be sold with agreements that define warranties and maintenance.
Service-oriented products and services can be sold with agreements that specify exactly what is to be delivered and when, with procedures for reporting problems or complaints.
In negotiations, discussions should embrace the definite functions and features of hard and soft products, and the delivery and supporting services. Experienced negotiators pay attention to both the tangibles and intangibles because the total cost of rights comprises both.
Digital-construction and digital-manufacturing...
As technology continues to develop, service-oriented products will become more tasteless because it makes intangible items definable. New knowledge-based industries will emerge.
The fertilization of software on bodily media is classified as goods-producing, and all other improvement and publishing activities are classified as service-providing under Naics. However, software and other digital products are durable because they can last indefinitely, even if they have to be transferred among warehouse media. Software products are advanced by service-providers such as enterprise and expert services firms, publishers, and "in-house" developers. Nevertheless, software improvement activities require the scheme administration disciplines of goods-producing industries, such as construction and manufacturing, to be successful.
The "digital-construction" and "digital-manufacturing" industries are evolving: digital construction delivers software; digital manufacturing delivers soft service-oriented, information, and knowledge-based products. However, through Cad/Cam processes, software delivers hard products too. In the future, almost all hard and soft products will supervene from digital-construction and digital-manufacturing processes.
Defining product and/or services is an enterpriship (entrepreneurship, leadership, and management) competency.
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